We published as today our second bibliography which specialises in the Systematist period.
Month: August 2011
Ꜥūd Bibliography
We are proud to announce that we have started to implement the bibliography of Arabian and Mediteranean musics on Cermaa’s website.
The first bibliography published to day is the Ꜥūd Bibliography, to be found under “Bibliography > Ꜥūd Bibliography“. It comprises a reasoned choice of references on the Ꜥūd, to be further enriched with time.
Transliteration from Arabic language to European languages
We use at CERMAA the following transliteration for Arabic language, used also for the book of Amine Beyhom on Arabian music :
Transliteration of Arabic language into Latin languages
C o n s o n a n t s |
|||||
Isolated |
Initial |
Medial |
Final |
Latin |
|
ا |
ا |
Ā – ā |
|||
ء |
ٔ |
ٕ |
ʾ |
||
ب |
بـ |
ـبـ |
ـب |
b |
|
ت |
تـ |
ـتـ |
ـت |
t |
|
ث |
ثـ |
ـثـ |
ـث |
th |
|
ج |
جـ |
ـجـ |
ـج |
j |
|
ح |
حـ |
ـحـ |
ـح |
Ḥ – ḥ |
|
خ |
خـ |
ـخـ |
ـخ |
Kh |
|
د |
ـد |
d |
|||
ذ |
ـذ |
dh |
|||
ر |
ـر |
r |
|||
ز |
ـز |
z |
|||
س |
سـ |
ـسـ |
ـس |
s |
|
ش |
شـ |
ـشـ |
ـش |
sh |
|
ص |
صـ |
ـصـ |
ـص |
Ṣ – ṣ |
|
ض |
ضـ |
ـضـ |
ـض |
Ḍ – ḍ |
|
ط |
طـ |
ـطـ |
ـط |
Ṭ – ṭ |
|
ظ |
ظـ |
ـظـ |
ـظ |
Ẓ – ẓ |
|
ع |
عـ |
ـعـ |
ـع |
͑ |
|
غ |
غـ |
ـغـ |
ـغ |
gh |
|
ف |
فـ |
ـفـ |
ـف |
f |
|
ق |
قـ |
ـقـ |
ـق |
q |
|
ك |
كـ |
ـكـ |
ـك |
k |
|
ل |
لـ |
ـلـ |
ـل |
l |
|
م |
مـ |
ـمـ |
ـم |
m |
|
ن |
نـ |
ـنـ |
ـن |
n |
|
ه |
هـ |
ـهـ |
ـه |
h |
|
ة[1] |
ـة |
a, at |
|||
و |
و |
w |
|||
ي |
يـ |
ـيـ |
ـي |
y |
|
ى |
ـى |
ā |
|||
لا |
ـلا |
lā |
|||
ال |
al- |
||||
Vowels and diphthongs |
||||
Isolated |
Medial |
Final |
Latin |
|
آ[2] |
آ |
ā |
||
َ |
a |
|||
ُ |
u |
|||
ِ |
i |
|||
َا |
َا |
ā |
||
ٰ |
ā |
|||
َى |
ā |
|||
َىٰ |
ā |
|||
ُو |
ُو |
ū |
||
ِي |
ِـيـ |
ī |
||
ًا |
ً |
an |
||
ًى |
an |
|||
ٌ |
un |
|||
ٍ |
in |
|||
َوْ |
َوْ |
aw |
||
َيْ |
َـيـْ |
ay |
||
ُو |
uw – ū |
|||
ِيّ |
iyy – ī [3] |
|||
Other signs and additional characters |
||||
Isolated |
Latin |
|||
ْ |
Sukūn |
– |
||
ّ |
Shadda |
Double |
||
ٱ |
Hamzat al-waṣl |
◌ʾ |
||
Initial |
Medial |
Final |
||
پ |
پـ |
ـپـ |
ـپ |
p |
چ |
چـ |
ـچـ |
ـچ |
č |
ژ |
ژ |
ž |
||
ڤ |
ڤـ |
ـڤـ |
ـڤ |
v |
ڥ |
ڥـ |
ـڥـ |
ـڥ |
v |
ڧ |
فـ |
ـفـ |
ـف |
q |
ڢ |
ڢـ |
ـڢـ |
ـڢ |
f |
گ |
كـ |
ـكـ |
ـﮏ |
g |
ڭ |
ﯕ |
ـﯖـ |
ـﯔ |
g |
ۋ |
ۋ |
v |
P u n c t a t i o n |
|
، |
, |
؛ |
; |
؟ |
? |
N u m b e r s |
|
٠ |
0 |
١ |
1 |
٢ |
2 |
٣ |
3 |
٤ |
4 |
٥ |
5 |
٦ |
6 |
٧ |
7 |
٨ |
8 |
٩ |
9 |
Notes
- Hyphen is used to separate grammatically differing elements within single units of Arabic script, notably the noun from the article and/or from the particles wa-, fa-, ta-, bi-, li-, ka-, la-, sa- and a-.
- The definite article is assimilated with the following “sun” letter (ت، ث، د، ذ، ر، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ل، ن).
- Shadda(t) or tashdīd is romanized by doubling the consonant.
[1] Tāʾ marbūṭa
[2] Madda
[3] ī for last letter of nouns such as `Alī, al-Urmawī, etc., and a double y for the rest (for example : al-kitāb al-`arabiyy).
Research on the scales of Byzantine Chant
The scales of Byzantine Chant are very close, in performance and in Lebanon, to those used by the Arabian “classical” music (taught in “Conservatoires” in Lebanon).
Mīkhā’īl Mashāqa, a syrian-lebanese medecine doctor and music theorist of the 19th century, claimed that the 68 division of the octave of Chrysanthos the Reformer (whom he did not name specifically) was superior to the 24-quartertone grid of the Arabs, which he is the first to ascribe in detail.
How are Byzantine and Arabian scales and modes related, and what lies behind the two Byzantine divisions of the octave established by the Byzantine Church in the 19th century ? Are the 24-quartertone and the 68-minutes divisions of the octave related, and how ? Is there a difference between the scales used by the Byzantine Church in Greece and the scales used in Lebanon and Syria (Patriarcate of Antioch) ?
These and many other should be soon answered in a book planned to be published in 2013 by Geuthner, the French publisher who published Erlanger’s La musique arabe from 1930 to 1959.
We will publish posts concerning the different encounters with Byzantine Chanters and specialists on the site.
ICONEA 2011 Conference on “`ūd through the centuries”
Amine Beyhom will be reading a paper on `ūd making in the Middle-Age (Arabian “Golden Age”) at the “ICONEA 2011” Conference to be held in London in December 2011.
“Modality – A Bridge Between East and West” Conference – in co-operation with DROM
CERMAA co-organises in Brest (Brittany – France) in November 2011 a Conference on “Modality – A Bridge Between East and West” with DROM. Amine Beyhom will read a pre-Conference paper on General Modality, while Erik Marchand will explain, on this occasion, the Modal aspects of Brittany Music.
Amine Beyhom will also read a paper on the use of fretted and unfretted string instruments.